The world's oldest-known tattoo kit has been discovered and it includes tools made from human bones, scientists have confirmed.
Multi-pronged tattoo combs that look similar to some modern tattoo artists' tools were found in Tonga, in the Southern Pacific Ocean.
The kit dates back 2,700 years and pushes the dawn of human tattooing to the start of the Polynesian culture.
It could help answer the question of whether tattooing was imported from other cultures, or was native to Oceania.
Dr Michelle Langley, from Griffith's Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, worked with Professor Clark, added: "The discovery of early tattooing implements is exceptionally rare.
"So, to find an entire kit is phenomenal. We very rarely find a whole kit of any type of tools in the archaeological record.
"These artefacts show that the modern tattooist toolkit - one-piece narrow combs, haft, mallet, carbon pigment, mortar, pestle, and ink-holding vessel - were in use 2700 years ago in West Polynesia.
"The kit most likely belonged to one tattoo artist. One tool was broken and it looks like it was being repaired, so perhaps the kit was accidentally left behind or was too broken to bother salvaging. Perhaps the tattooist was given a new set.
"The actual tool itself – the comb shape and the way it's used – hasn't changed much, and that's why this find is so interesting. These ancient tools continue to be used today."
Polynesia is a an area in Oceania, which is made up of than a thousand islands found throughout the central and southern Pacific Ocean.
The ink pot originally discovered with the tools in 1963, is now missing, but would have made the find the oldest complete tattooing kit to be discovered anywhere in the world.
The entire toolkit was initially feared to have been destroyed during the 2003 Canberra bush fires.
While the tattooing combs were found safe and unharmed, the ink pot has not been recovered.
Professor Clark said the discovery sheds further light on the long-running debate about where the Polynesian style tattooing first developed.
"These bone tattoo combs are a very specific type of technology found across Oceania.
"The question has always been were these tools introduced to the Pacific through migration, or were they developed in Polynesia where we know tattooing has a very prominent role in society and spread from there.
"This discovery pushes back the date of Polynesian tattooing right back to the beginnings of Polynesian cultures around 2,700 years ago."
Proffessor Clark says tattooing combs like these are important for making the complex linear designs famous in Oceania.
"These combs are more complex than the obsidian stone flakes used in places like New Guinea 3500 years ago - these Oceanic combs are part of a multi-component tool which required more effort to make and maintain.
"The ink, which we found embedded in the bones, would have been charcoal or plant-based."
The oldest evidence for tattooed skin goes back more than 5000 years to the age of mummies in Egypt and the Italian iceman Otzi, but the tattooing tools in these places are largely unknown.
Dr Langley said it was not known when comb tattooing first began in the Pacific, with questions around whether the practice arrived during the maritime migration of the Lapita people, who dispersed from the north and colonised the Pacific islands about 3500 years ago.
"Lapita people are known for their intricately decorated ceramics which are similar to tattooed designs, but we don't know when the tattooing of human skin began, and whether it came with their arrival or if it started after they colonised the Pacific islands," she said.
"Tattooing is very important in the Pacific. When Christian missionaries came through and banned tattooing on certain islands, people would travel to other islands to get their tattoos as they represented important aspects of their beliefs and traditions.
The article, Ancient tattooing in Polynesia, has been published in the Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology (JICA).
Source: https://www.dailymail.co.uk